![]() ![]() About 1,500 tonnes per annum (tpa) are used in the manufacture of carvone. eThis figure relates to the use of orange oil in perfumery. dThe material used is actually orange terpenes, which is about 80% limonene but the odour comes from minor components. The tonnage is used for manufacturing ionones and methylionones. bA substantial proportion of the total consumption is used for manufactured of other ingredients. However, some of the listed components are also themselves used to produce other ingredients for example, myrcene ( 506) is used for the preparation of linalool ( 10), geraniol ( 343), nerol, and 4-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)cyclohex-3-ene-1-carbaldehyde (lyral, International Flavors & Fragrance, IFF).ĪThese prices and volumes are estimated. As can be quickly gleaned a substantial quantity of fragrance materials are manufactured annually. Table 1 represents some of the most important synthetic fragrances with their approximate associated prices and tonnages. By the 20th century, an explosion of new synthetic fragrance discovery had occurred and we now have thousands of different materials, each offering unique and tailored aromas (International FragrancAassociation (IFRA) published a list of active F&F chemicals). One of the first recorded preparations of a synthetic aroma chemical was the reaction of oil of amber with fuming nitric acid, which gave a musky odour as described by scientists at the Berlin Academy in 1759. Although nature supplies an abundance of inspiration, the fragrance community has always been apt to try and replicate, or sometimes improve upon the initial resource. Since the earliest documented use of fragrances in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia to current times, the human race has always been fascinated by the manipulation and enhancement of scents. While recent efforts within the flow chemistry community have been mainly geared towards the use of continuous systems for small/research scale chemistry, there is growing interest in the translation of such capabilities to larger/commercial scale syntheses. Improved processing safety (lowered inventory, improved control of heat/mass transfer), enhanced process diagnostics (PAT, inventory management), upgraded yields and selectivity (improved mixing and energetics) as well as allowing access to expanded processing windows (greater temperature, pressure and reaction time domains) means flow is becoming a popular choice. Batch-based synthetic methods have enabled a wide variety of transformations to be performed at industrial scales, however, the implementation of flow-based protocols often lends itself to the creation of superior synthetic systems. ![]()
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